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This open access book aims to clarify the term „evidence-based medicine“ (EBM) from a philosophy of science perspective. The author, Marie-Caroline Schulte discusses the importance of evi-dence in medical research and practice with a focus on the ethical and methodological prob-lems of EBM. The claims that EBM can herald a new theory of epistemology and a Kuhnian paradigm will be refuted. The solution is to describe EBM as a necessary development in medicine to deal with the increasing amount of evidence and medical data without loosing the single patient out of sight. Contents The methodology of evidence-based research Informed consent and shared decision making in EBM (Evidence-based medicine) Knowledge does not equal evidence – what to do with what we have evidence for? Homeopathy – a case in point why EBM is so important – or „the plural of anecdote is not data.“ Target Groups Lecturers and students in the areas of medicine and philosophy of medicine Researchers in philosophy of medicine, medical doctors, ethicists, philosophers and medical activists The Author M.-C. Schulte has studied philosophy and history in the US and finished her MSc in philoso-phy and history of science at LSE. She did her PhD in philosophy of science, focus on medi-cine, at Hamburg University. She works freelance in an advisory capacity for NGOs working in the medical field and writes articles in her area of expertise.

Philosophy and science. --- Medicine—Philosophy. --- Medicine. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Philosophy of Medicine. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Health Workforce --- Science and philosophy --- Science --- Philosophy of Science --- Philosophy of Medicine --- Medicine/Public Health, general --- Clinical Medicine --- Philosophy of medicine --- Hahnemann Edzard Ernst --- Jeremy Howick --- Thomas Kuhn --- Homeopathy --- Epistemology --- Informed consent --- ECMO --- Tuskegee --- Placebo --- Bench to bedside --- External validity --- Randomised controlled trials --- Evidence-based medicine --- Open Access --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy --- Medicine: general issues

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This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book would appeal both philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination.

Bioethics. --- Medicine-Philosophy. --- Ethics. --- Philosophy of Medicine. --- Moral Philosophy. --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Biology --- Biomedical ethics --- Life sciences --- Life sciences ethics --- Science --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Medicine --- Philosophy. --- Health Workforce --- Medicine—Philosophy. --- Open access --- medical ethics --- public health ethics --- vaccination policies --- policy making --- moral responsibility

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‘This is an incredibly audacious book. Derek Bolton and Grant Gillett brilliantly succeed in providing the big picture that was lacking in the defense of the biopsychosocial model promoted by Engel 40 years ago.’ - Steeves Demazeux, Assistant Professor in philosophy, Bordeaux-Montaigne University, France This open access book is a systematic update of the philosophical and scientific foundations of the biopsychosocial model of health, disease and healthcare. First proposed by George Engel 40 years ago, the Biopsychosocial Model is much cited in healthcare settings worldwide, but has been increasingly criticised for being vague, lacking in content, and in need of reworking in the light of recent developments. The book confronts the rapid changes to psychological science, neuroscience, healthcare, and philosophy that have occurred since the model was first proposed and addresses key issues such as the model’s scientific basis, clinical utility, and philosophical coherence. The authors conceptualise biology and the psychosocial as in the same ontological space, interlinked by systems of communication-based regulatory control which constitute a new kind of causation. These are distinguished from physical and chemical laws, most clearly because they can break down, thus providing the basis for difference between health and disease. This work offers an urgent update to the model’s scientific and philosophical foundations, providing a new and coherent account of causal interactions between the biological, the psychological and social. Derek Bolton is Professor of Philosophy and Psychopathology at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s College London, UK. He was awarded a double first in Moral Sciences and a PhD in Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. His subsequent professional career was in clinical psychology and he has published extensively in philosophy of psychiatry as well as basic and clinical health science. Grant Gillett is Professor of Bioethics at the University of Otago, New Zealand. His professional career was in Neurosurgery, punctuated by a D. Phil. at Oxford University in philosophy of mind and meta-ethics. He has published extensively in neuroethics, philosophy of mind and language, philosophy of medicine (particularly psychiatry), and the philosophy of medical and social sciences. .

Psychology --- Social psychology --- History of human medicine --- Psychiatry --- Human medicine --- medische psychologie --- psychosociale wetenschappen --- psychologie --- meetinstrumenten (psychologie) --- filosofie --- geneeskunde --- geschiedenis --- neurochirurgie --- psychopathologie --- klinische psychologie --- Clinical psychology. --- Critical psychology. --- Medicine --- Medicine and psychology. --- Psychometrics. --- Psychology. --- Philosophy. --- Methodology. --- Psychology—Methodology. --- Psychological measurement. --- Medicine—Philosophy. --- Clinical Psychology. --- Psychological Methods/Evaluation. --- Critical Psychology. --- Philosophy of Medicine. --- History of Psychology. --- Clinical psychology --- Psychology—Methodology --- Psychological measurement --- Critical psychology --- Medicine—Philosophy --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Measurement, Mental --- Measurement, Psychological --- Psychological scaling --- Psychological statistics --- Psychometry (Psychophysics) --- Scaling, Psychological --- Psychological tests --- Scaling (Social sciences) --- Psychology, Critical --- Communism and psychology --- Psychology, Applied --- Measurement --- Scaling --- Methodology

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This open access book reflects on matters of social and ethical concern raised in the daily practices of those working in and around precision oncology. Each chapter addresses the experiences, concerns and issues at stake for people who work in settings where precision oncology is practiced, enacted, imagined or discussed. It subsequently discusses and analyses bioethical dilemmas, scientific challenges and economic trade-offs, the need for new policies, further technological innovation, social work, as well as phenomenological research. This volume takes a broad actor-centred perspective as, whenever cancer is present, the range of actors with issues at stake appears almost unlimited. This perspective and approach opens up the possibility for further in-depth and diverse questions, posed by the actors themselves, such as: How are cancer researchers navigating biological uncertainties? How do clinicians and policy-makers address ethical dilemmas around prioritisation of care? What are the patients’ experiences with, and hopes for, precision oncology? How do policy-makers and entrepreneurs envisage precision oncology? These questions are of great interest to a broad audience, including cancer researchers, oncologists, policy-makers, medical ethicists and philosophers, social scientists, patients and health economists.

Precision Medicine. --- Biomarkers, Tumor. --- Biochemical Tumor Markers --- Biological Tumor Marker --- Biological Tumor Markers --- Biomarkers, Cancer --- Marker, Biochemical Tumor --- Marker, Biologic Tumor --- Marker, Biological Tumor --- Marker, Neoplasm Metabolite --- Marker, Tumor Metabolite --- Markers, Biochemical Tumor --- Markers, Biological Tumor --- Markers, Neoplasm Metabolite --- Markers, Tumor Metabolite --- Metabolite Markers, Tumor --- Neoplasm Metabolite Markers --- Tumor Markers, Biologic --- Tumor Metabolite Marker --- Biochemical Tumor Marker --- Cancer Biomarker --- Carcinogen Markers --- Markers, Tumor --- Metabolite Markers, Neoplasm --- Tumor Biomarker --- Tumor Marker --- Tumor Markers, Biochemical --- Tumor Markers, Biological --- Biologic Tumor Marker --- Biologic Tumor Markers --- Biomarker, Cancer --- Biomarker, Tumor --- Cancer Biomarkers --- Marker, Tumor --- Markers, Biologic Tumor --- Markers, Carcinogen --- Metabolite Marker, Neoplasm --- Metabolite Marker, Tumor --- Neoplasm Metabolite Marker --- Tumor Biomarkers --- Tumor Marker, Biochemical --- Tumor Marker, Biologic --- Tumor Marker, Biological --- Tumor Markers --- Tumor Metabolite Markers --- Neoplasm Proteins --- P Health --- P-Health --- Personalized Medicine --- Theranostics --- Individualized Medicine --- Predictive Medicine --- Medicine, Individualized --- Medicine, Personalized --- Medicine, Precision --- Medicine, Predictive --- Theranostic --- Pharmacogenomic Variants --- Pharmacogenetics --- Patient-Specific Modeling --- cancer biomarkers --- Sociology of medicine --- Science and Technology Studies --- Oncology --- Philosophy of medicine --- precision oncology --- personalised cancer treatments --- health technology assessment --- Open access